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desert pupfish
The desert pupfish (''Cyprinodon macularius'') is a rare species of bony fish in the family ''Cyprinodontidae.'' It is a small fish, typically less than 7.62 cm (3 in) in length. Males are generally larger than females, and have bright-blue coloration, while females and juveniles are silvery or tan. A notable attribute of the desert pupfish is their ability to survive in environments of extreme salinity, pH, and temperature, and low oxygen content. The desert pupfish mates in a characteristic fashion, wherein compatible males and females will contact each other, form an s-shape, and jerk. Each jerk typically produces a single egg that is fertilized by the male and deposited in his territory. Breeding behavior includes aggressive arena-breeding and more docile consort-pair breeding.
The desert pupfish is a federally listed endangered species in the United States. The desert pupfish was once a common fish, but it is now extirpated from most of its historical natural range. The decrease in population has been a trend since the early 1900s due to habitat destruction and fragmentation. It has been, and continues to be, preyed upon and displaced by non-native fishes, such as tilapia. Presently, the only remaining natural populations of the desert pupfish are located at a few sites in the Salton Sea drainage in California, and the Colorado River Delta in Baja California and Sonora, Mexico.〔Minckley 1973, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS ) 1993).〕 The historic range of the desert pupfish included the lower Gila River basin in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico. It inhabited the Gila, Santa Cruz, San Pedro, and Salt Rivers as well as the lower Colorado River from around Needles, California, to the Gulf of California.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''Cyprinodon macularius'' was first described by Spencer Baird and Charles Girard in 1853. Originally, it was considered to be made up of three subspecies: the nominal desert pupfish (''Cyprinodon macularius macularius''), the Quitobaquito pupfish (''Cyprinodon macularius eremus'') and the undescribed Monkey Spring pupfish (''Cyprinodon'' sp.).〔United States fish and Wildlife Service (1993). Desert Pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius) Recovery Plan. (Unpublished). Prepared for the USFWS, Region 2.〕
The study of mitochondrial DNA variation between different populations of pupfish traditionally considered as ''C. macularius'' provide the basis for the species distinction between ''C. macularius'' and ''C. eremus.''〔 The mtDNA haplotypes of the pupfish endemic to the Rio Sonoyta Basin/Quitobaquito Springs and the pupfish endemic to the Salton Sea/Lower Colorado River Basin suggest sustained, mutually exclusive evolutionary histories. Furthermore, the differences between the frequency of inherited alleles of each species are significant enough to suggest that these individuals became separate species about 100,000 years ago. As a result, the three subspecies have been reclassified as three distinct species: the desert pupfish (''C. macularius''), the Sonoyta (Quitobaquito) pupfish (''C. eremus''), and the Santa Cruz (Monkey Spring) pupfish (''C. arcuatus''), with the Santa Cruz pupfish being described in 2002.〔United States Fish and Wildlife Service (2010). Desert Pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius); 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. Phoenix, Arizona: USFWS.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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